小专题1：阅读理解的细节理解题

工作室成员   长泾中学   夏涵冰

一：如何做阅读理解中的细节理解题：

1，命题分析：

该题型主要测试学生对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的辨认能力,分直接辨认和间接辨认两种。直接辨认细节型一般只要求学生能从阅读材料中直接获取、记住信息, 然后能快速地将他们回忆出来;而间接辨认型不仅要求读者能从阅读材料中直接获取信息,还要将获得的信息进行各种转换,为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型等找到正确的英语释义。如排序、图文转换、数字转换、同义(反义)转换等。细节理解是文章的有机组成部分，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。读者要准确理解一篇文章，就必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等。以下就是细节理解题型考查的内容：

1．以who, what, when, where等疑问句开头提问短文具体内容。

2．句意转换理解。

3．就文中具体内容进行简单计算、排序、识图等。

4．以According to the text, From the text开头，考查某一细节。

       这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式、不完整的陈述句式和排除式。

1．问句式

How did something happen?

Which of the following should people (not) do it?

Where should somebody do something?

2．不完整的陈述句式

Something can be best classified as ________.

According to the author, “it” was caused by ________.

3．排除式

Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?

Which of the following is not included in the passage?

事实细节题可分为两种类型：

(1)基本信息题。答案几乎可以直接从原文中获得，答案和原文中含相关信息的句子在用词上也几乎相同；

(2)是非判断题。相对于前者，这类题有较大难度，题目虽来源于文章的相关细节，但往往涉及的细节内容较多，而且可能是在文章的不同段落。

 

2， 解题指导：

在解答事实细节题时，要注意：

(1) 忠于原文，选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息，不可根据自己的主观假设或推测来取舍。

(2) 要重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等，这是细节题考查的内容。

(3) 应学会快速辨认和记忆事实或细节，可用“查读法”，  即带着问题寻找答案。在阅读过程中对一些涉及who(何人)，what(何事)，when(何时)，where(何地)，how(怎样)，why(为何)等常考的细节内容做适当的标记，以便解题时迅速、准确地查找。

(4) 同位语、破折号、括号、省略号等；

 表示附加说明的词，如：by the way, besides, what’s more, in addition to, including to, as well as等。

  倒装句及加强语气的词，如above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed等。

正确答案的特点：

① 正确答案经常与中心思想有关。

② 正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。

③ 与原文情节表达手法不同，但所表达的意思相同，会使用各种句式转换或词义的不同表达方式。正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。

④ 从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can, may,might, possible, not necessarily, some.

⑤ 正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。

干扰选项的特点1-5：

1. 是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；

2. 符合常识，但不符合原文内容；

3. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（副词的修饰，情态动词的使用，部分否定，定语从句，with 等的限制等）

4. 选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误；

5. 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。

 

3，以例总结：

   The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers.  It has been made  to help you better manage your money.  The Winners Club is a transaction account (交易账户) where you receive a key­card so you can get to your money 24/7 — that's 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!

It's a club with impressive features for teenagers:

●No account keeping fees!

   You're no millionaire so we don't expect you to pay large fees.In fact, there are no account keeping or transaction fees!

●Excellent interest rates!

You want your money to grow.The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two deposits (储蓄) without taking them out in a month

●Convenient

Teenagers are busy — we get that. You may never need to come to a bank at all. With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet ...You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account.This could be your pocket money or your pay from your part­time job!

●Mega magazine included

Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money.There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members.

The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers.And it is so easy to join.Simply fill in an application form.You will have to get permission from your parent or guardian (so we can organize that cool key­card) but it is easy.We can't wait to hear from you. It's the best way to choose to be a winner!

语篇解读：本文是一则广告， 介绍了专门为青少年设计的一项账户服务—— Winners Club， 并从多个角度进行了全面介绍。

1．The Winners Club is a bank account intended for________.

A．parents     B．teenagers   C．winners            D．adults

提示：细节理解题。跳读查找法。

解析：题干与原文中的第一句是进行的同义句转换。be designed for ＝ be intended for 专为……设计的。根据文章第一段第一句“The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers.”可知，“the Winners Club”是专门为青少年而开设的，所以答案为B

2．Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Club?

A．Special gifts are ready for parents.

B．The bank opens only on workdays.

C．Services are convenient for its members.

D．Fees are necessary for the account keeping.

提示：细节理解题。利用排除法。

解析：第三部分主要介绍这项服务的方便之处，所以对于办理该业务的青少年来说是非常便利和快捷的，答案为C项；A项未提到；根据文章前面的介绍可知，银行应该是全天24小时，每周7天营业，而非只是在工作日，所以B项排除；文章第一部分提到不收取账户管理费，所以D项错误。

3．The Winners Club provides magazines which________.

A．encourage spending          B．are free to all teenagers

C．are full of adventure stories    D．help to make more of your money

提示：细节理解题。题干定位法。

解析：考生可以由题干入手，回到文中去查找相关段落，从而得出答案。根据特色最后一点“Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money.”可知，办理该业务的青少年除了可以收到定期报告外，还可以免费得到一份杂志，里面有很多好的建议或办法可以帮助他们赚取更多的钱，所以答案为D项；A项和C项未提到；B项错在这份杂志并不是对所有的青少年都是免费的，所以排除。

4．If you want to be a member of the Club, you must________.

A．be an Internet user        B．be permitted by your parent

C．have a big sum of money   D．be in your twenties

提示：细节理解题。利用跳读查找法。

解析：根据最后一段“You will have to get permission from your parent ...”可知，办理此项银行业务要得到父母的同意或许可，所以B项正确；该服务介绍第三点中提到办理业务有多种形式，其中包括使用网络，但不是必须的，所以A项错误；由第一点中“You're no millionaire so we don't expect you to pay large fees.”可知，办理此项银行业务的不一定都是有钱人，所以C项排除；D项要求办理业务者年龄在二十几岁，文中并未提到。

 

 小专题2：阅读理解中的主旨大意题

一：如何做阅读理解中的主旨大意题：

1，命题分析：

主旨大意题是阅读理解中要求高、难度大的题型之一，是一种很能体现试题区分度的题型，一般占整个阅读理解题的10%左右。主旨大意题要求考生对全文的内容或某一段的内容加以合理的归纳，目的是检查对短文整体或某一段落的理解概括能力。它可以是对文章或段落中心的陈述，也可以是文章标题的选择。有些文章尤其是说明文和议论文，往往有主题句表明中心思想，段中有主题句展开段落中心。但有些文章，比如记叙文往往没有明确的主题句，需要考生在归纳文章中心、明确作者意图的基础上来概括文章的主旨。此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等

1).  主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:

The main idea of the passage is…

The passage is mainly about…

The passage is mainly discusses…

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

What is the passage mainly about?

2).  目的类主旨大意题

The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …

The passage is meant to ….

The purpose of this article is to …

3).  标题类主旨大意题

The best title for the passage might be…

The best title for the passage would be

主题句的特点 

主题句所表达的意思具有概括性

句子结构简单明了, 作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句

文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.

 

2， 解题指导：

常用的掌握大意的方法：

1，  抓主题句归纳大意。说明文、议论文、新闻报道、科技文献等文章的主题大意通常出现在文章第一段，抓住了主题句也就抓住了文章的中心。有时主题句也会出现在文章的中间或结尾。因此仔细阅读这类文章的首尾句是关键。

,2，归纳分析抓大意。有些文章如记叙文、夹叙夹议文

,3，通常是先摆出事实，然后或记叙或论证，最后得出结论，即文章的主题。

,4，抓住高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕一个主题展开的，因此文章中会反复出现一个中心词，即高频词，抓住了它，也就抓住了文章的中心。

3，以例总结：

                            

A

In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australian’s biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.

1，Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph

,   A.   GM is one of the largest car producers.

B.   Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.

C.   The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.

D.  The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.

解析；答案为C。take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。  

本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，举例子陈述细节或继续论证。

寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。

 

 

                            B

Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921, the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country.

In the 1840s the main crop, potatoes, was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage (短缺) of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.

For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside, where things move at a quieter and slower pace.

The Irish are famous for being warm­hearted and friendly. Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, once said that the Irish were “ the greatest talkers since the Greeks”. Since independence, Ireland has revived (复兴) its own culture of music, language, literature and singing. Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments. Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin, whistles, etc.

语篇解读：本文为说明文，主要介绍了爱尔兰的历史、人口、生活、文化等内容。

1,   What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?

A．How the Irish fought against the English.

B．How Ireland gained independence.

C．How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.

D．How two “Irelands” came into being.

解析：概括第一段可知，本段主要介绍了爱尔兰一段与众不同的历史，即在被英国统治了几百年后，北爱尔兰成为英国的一部分，而南爱尔兰则获得独立，成立了“爱尔兰共和国”。由此可以看出，本段主要介绍了“两个爱尔兰”是如何形成的。故答案为D项。

2．The last paragraph is mainly about ______.

A．the Irish character

B．Irish culture

C．Irish musical instruments

D．a famous Irish writer

解析：概括最后一段可知，本段主要介绍了爱尔兰的文化，故答案为B项。其余选项本段虽有所提及，但都属于本段的部分内容，无法概括本段大意，故可排除。

3．What can be the best title for the text?     

A．Life in Ireland

B．A Very Difficult History

C．Ireland, Past and Present

D．The Independence of Ireland

解析：概括全文可知，本文主要从几个方面介绍了过去的爱尔兰和现在的爱尔兰。故答案为C项。其余选项都是本文的部分内容，A项是第三段的内容；B项是第一段的内容；D项也是第一段的内容。